1- Evaluation of integrated waste management by using of Waste Reduction Model (WARM)- (Case study of Amol-Noor region, Iran)
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Naser Mehrdadi, Seyed Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Lack of proper municipal solid management in the Northern provinces of Iran has led to damages to the natural resources, health, environment, social and economic conditions. Construction of solid waste processing plants such as compost and incineration, ignoring essential elements in waste management, cannot be as a successful strategy to solve the solid waste problems. Integrated management as a suitable and well-proved solution in many developed countries was proposed for Mazandaran province as a more reliable strategy to replace the existing conditions. In this paper, the results of study conducted for Amol and Noor region have been analyzed. Minimizing waste production, maximizing recycling and reuse, processing organic waste through digestion or composting process, producing refusing derived fuel (RDF) and using it in the waste incineration plants or Neka cement plant and finally disposing less than 10% of the waste in landfill is the proposed solution to improve the existing waste conditions. Implementing the proposed integrated management over a period of 20 years will lead to preventing from economic and environmental damages due to the loss of valuable natural resources and the release of various pollutants from landfills which is evaluated to be equivalent of about 28 billion dollars also, saving resources and energy estimated to be about 38 billion dollars. © 2017 Journals-Researchers. All rights reserved.
Keywords
Lack of proper municipal solid management in the Northern provinces of Iran has led to damages to the natural resources, health, environment, social and economic conditions. Construction of solid waste processing plants such as compost and incineration, ignoring essential elements in waste management, cannot be as a successful strategy to solve the solid waste problems. Integrated management as a suitable and well-proved solution in many developed countries was proposed for Mazandaran province as a more reliable strategy to replace the existing conditions. In this paper, the results of study conducted for Amol and Noor region have been analyzed. Minimizing waste production, maximizing recycling and reuse, processing organic waste through digestion or composting process, producing refusing derived fuel (RDF) and using it in the waste incineration plants or Neka cement plant and finally disposing less than 10% of the waste in landfill is the proposed solution to improve the existing waste conditions. Implementing the proposed integrated management over a period of 20 years will lead to preventing from economic and environmental damages due to the loss of valuable natural resources and the release of various pollutants from landfills which is evaluated to be equivalent of about 28 billion dollars also, saving resources and energy estimated to be about 38 billion dollars. © 2017 Journals-Researchers. All rights reserved.
Keywords
Integrated Waste Management; Mazandaran; WARM.
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2- Evaluation of Maturation and Stability Some Indexes of Mixed Palm Oil Biowaste Composting Process and Poultry Litter
Mohammadtaghi Vakili, Abu Ahmed Mokammel Haque, Mohammad Hosseini, Babak Salamatinia
Abstract
The efficiency of palm oil biowastes (mostly frond and the empty fruit bunch (EFB) composting, with using poultry litter was investigated in this study. The objectives of this study is to evaluate composting maturation parameters by varying mixing ratio of poultry litter (PL) in palm oil biowaste (POB) to determine the most suitable ratio of the mixing. The experiments were carried out using bin composting method for 11 weeks. Three different mixing ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, ~40% moisture content which, were turned daily manually constructed the operational conditions of composting in this study. During composting process, different parameters were measured such as temperature, pH, EC, moisture, N, C and C/N ratio. In all treatments, temperature was between 27 to 58°C, pH ranging between 6.4 to 7.7 and EC was recorded between 2.7 to 5.4 mS.m-1. Results indicate that TOC, TKN and C/N ratio decreased. These monitored parameters were in desired range as mature compost however 1:3 ratio of POB and PL had the lowest C/N ratio, TOC and the highest value of TKN, 18, 27% and 1.48%, respectively.
The efficiency of palm oil biowastes (mostly frond and the empty fruit bunch (EFB) composting, with using poultry litter was investigated in this study. The objectives of this study is to evaluate composting maturation parameters by varying mixing ratio of poultry litter (PL) in palm oil biowaste (POB) to determine the most suitable ratio of the mixing. The experiments were carried out using bin composting method for 11 weeks. Three different mixing ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, ~40% moisture content which, were turned daily manually constructed the operational conditions of composting in this study. During composting process, different parameters were measured such as temperature, pH, EC, moisture, N, C and C/N ratio. In all treatments, temperature was between 27 to 58°C, pH ranging between 6.4 to 7.7 and EC was recorded between 2.7 to 5.4 mS.m-1. Results indicate that TOC, TKN and C/N ratio decreased. These monitored parameters were in desired range as mature compost however 1:3 ratio of POB and PL had the lowest C/N ratio, TOC and the highest value of TKN, 18, 27% and 1.48%, respectively.
Keywords
Compost, Empty fruit bunch, Palm Oil Frond, poultry litter, C/N Ratio
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3- Evaluation of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic condition in rice straw composting process enhancement
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Abstract
The effects of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic conditions on the composting of a mixture of rice straw residue and cattle manure were investigated using a laboratory-scale composting reactor. Results indicate that the composting period of rice straw can be shortened to less than 10 days by applying alkali pre-treatment and continuous thermophilic composting conditions. The parameters obtained on day 9 of this study are similar to the criteria level published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The moisture content, organic matter reduction, pH level, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon reduction, soluble chemical oxygen demand reduction, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and germination index were 62.07%, 16.99%, 7.30%, 1058 lS/cm, 17.00%, 83.43%, 2.06%, 16.75%, and 90.33%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the application of chemical–biological integrated processes under thermophilic conditions is a novel method for the rapid degradation and maturation of rice straw residue.
The effects of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic conditions on the composting of a mixture of rice straw residue and cattle manure were investigated using a laboratory-scale composting reactor. Results indicate that the composting period of rice straw can be shortened to less than 10 days by applying alkali pre-treatment and continuous thermophilic composting conditions. The parameters obtained on day 9 of this study are similar to the criteria level published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The moisture content, organic matter reduction, pH level, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon reduction, soluble chemical oxygen demand reduction, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and germination index were 62.07%, 16.99%, 7.30%, 1058 lS/cm, 17.00%, 83.43%, 2.06%, 16.75%, and 90.33%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the application of chemical–biological integrated processes under thermophilic conditions is a novel method for the rapid degradation and maturation of rice straw residue.
Keywords
Alkali pretreatment, Rice straw, Continues thermophilic composting
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4- Evaluation of Significant Parameters on Alkaline Pretreatment Process of Rice Straw
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Syafalni, Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
Abstract
Rice straw can be used in the production of energy or organic fertilizer. However, one of the main problems in the transformation of rice straw is its low-biodegradability. This study reports a comparison on the effectiveness of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) pre-treatment methods on the enhancement of rice straw solubilization to increase its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in reflux completely mixed reactors of 500 mL capacity. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The respective optimum conditions determined from RSM for NaOH and KOH were as follows: concentration of 29.99 and 30 g/L, reaction time of 165.7 and 151.23 min, and temperature of 164.37 and 200°C. The actual and predicted results are clearly indicated that the solubility of rice straw is significantly increased under NaOH pretreatment in comparison with KOH. The actual results of solubility of rice straw under optimum conditions are compared well with the maximum predicted values.
Rice straw can be used in the production of energy or organic fertilizer. However, one of the main problems in the transformation of rice straw is its low-biodegradability. This study reports a comparison on the effectiveness of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) pre-treatment methods on the enhancement of rice straw solubilization to increase its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in reflux completely mixed reactors of 500 mL capacity. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The respective optimum conditions determined from RSM for NaOH and KOH were as follows: concentration of 29.99 and 30 g/L, reaction time of 165.7 and 151.23 min, and temperature of 164.37 and 200°C. The actual and predicted results are clearly indicated that the solubility of rice straw is significantly increased under NaOH pretreatment in comparison with KOH. The actual results of solubility of rice straw under optimum conditions are compared well with the maximum predicted values.
Keywords
Rice straw, solubilization, agricultural wastes
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5- Penang Experience in Solid Waste Disposal by Semi-Aerobic Sanitary Landfill: Towards Achieving A Sustainable Development
Hamidi Abdul Aziz , Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
Hamidi Abdul Aziz , Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has become an ever-increasing problem in many part of the world, especially in the developing countries. Its management involves all aspects of storage, collection, transportation, processing, disposal of waste and the related management. This paper highlights the basic rule in solid waste management in particular discussions on the importance of adhering the waste management hierarchy in the overall management systems. Waste minimization strategies and technologies will be elaborated. Effective and current technology of collection systems will be shared. More focus will be given on the aspect of waste disposal as this is one of the main and common issues faced by many developing countries. For this, a concept of sustainable waste disposal by means of a semiaerobic landfilling technology which is more environmental friendly, will be put forward as implemented in Malaysia. Local experience in effectively handling and treating the leachate up to the standard discharge limit will be discussed. The recovery of landfill gases for use as an energy resource has become the center of interest in recent years. In view of this, gas emissions data sampled at selected semi-aerobic landfill in Malaysia will be shared. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) approach in reducing greenhouse gas emissions for a developing country will also be highlighted. Some of the options for an integrated solid waste management system will be discussed. Selected model in developed countries will be elaborated and some of the key elements in achieving sustainable development in waste management will be discussed.
Keywords
Keywords
integrated solid waste management, landfill, leachate, greenhouse gases
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6- Optimization of NaOH thermo-chemical pre-treatment for enhancing solubilisation of rice straw by Response Surface Methodology
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, C. Syafalni, Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
Abstract
A municipal solid waste produced in urban and rural communities is a serious pollution source of water resource in developing country. One of the main problem in treatment of organic solid waste is its non-readily biodegradability due to the complexity of organic material especially hemicellolluse. This study reports Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) thermochemical pretreatment of rice straw as a indicators of cellulosic compound to enhance its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in completely mixed reactors, 500 ml capacity. In order to optimization of hydrolysis of rice straw, Response Surface Method (RSM) based on three factors and one response design was performed to optimize experimental conditions. The effects of reaction parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration (0-30 g/l), reaction time (10–180 min) and temperature (30–200 o C) were evaluated. The optimum conditions resulted by RSM were: NaOH concentration 29.9 g/l, reaction time 133.1 min. and temperature 157.6 o C. The actual experimental soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of rice straw soluble was 41200 mg/l under optimum condition, which compared well to the maximum predicted value of 41211 mg/l.
Keywords
Rice straw; thermochemical pretreatment; Response Surface Method; water resource; pollution
A municipal solid waste produced in urban and rural communities is a serious pollution source of water resource in developing country. One of the main problem in treatment of organic solid waste is its non-readily biodegradability due to the complexity of organic material especially hemicellolluse. This study reports Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) thermochemical pretreatment of rice straw as a indicators of cellulosic compound to enhance its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in completely mixed reactors, 500 ml capacity. In order to optimization of hydrolysis of rice straw, Response Surface Method (RSM) based on three factors and one response design was performed to optimize experimental conditions. The effects of reaction parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration (0-30 g/l), reaction time (10–180 min) and temperature (30–200 o C) were evaluated. The optimum conditions resulted by RSM were: NaOH concentration 29.9 g/l, reaction time 133.1 min. and temperature 157.6 o C. The actual experimental soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of rice straw soluble was 41200 mg/l under optimum condition, which compared well to the maximum predicted value of 41211 mg/l.
Keywords
Rice straw; thermochemical pretreatment; Response Surface Method; water resource; pollution
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7- Evaluation of Significant Parameters on Alkaline Pretreatment Process of Rice Straw
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Syafalni and Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Syafalni and Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
Abstract
Rice straw can be used in the production of energy or organic fertilizer. However, one of the main problems in the transformation of rice straw is its low-biodegradability. This study reports a comparison on the effectiveness of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) pre-treatment methods on the enhancement of rice straw solubilization to increase its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in reflux completely mixed reactors of 500 mL capacity. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The respective optimum conditions determined from RSM for NaOH and KOH were as follows: concentration of 29.99 and 30 g/L, reaction time of 165.7 and 151.23 min, and temperature of 164.37 and 200°C. The actual and predicted results are clearly indicated that the solubility of rice straw is significantly increased under NaOH pretreatment in comparison with KOH. The actual results of solubility of rice straw under optimum conditions are compared well with the maximum predicted values.
Keywords
Rice straw, solubilization, agricultural wastes
Rice straw can be used in the production of energy or organic fertilizer. However, one of the main problems in the transformation of rice straw is its low-biodegradability. This study reports a comparison on the effectiveness of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) pre-treatment methods on the enhancement of rice straw solubilization to increase its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in reflux completely mixed reactors of 500 mL capacity. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The respective optimum conditions determined from RSM for NaOH and KOH were as follows: concentration of 29.99 and 30 g/L, reaction time of 165.7 and 151.23 min, and temperature of 164.37 and 200°C. The actual and predicted results are clearly indicated that the solubility of rice straw is significantly increased under NaOH pretreatment in comparison with KOH. The actual results of solubility of rice straw under optimum conditions are compared well with the maximum predicted values.
Keywords
Rice straw, solubilization, agricultural wastes
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8- Enhancement of Rice Straw Biodegradability by Alkaline and Acid Thermochemical Pretreatment Process: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Syafalni, Amin Mojiri
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Syafalni, Amin Mojiri
Abstract
The solubility of rice straw in alkali, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), and acid, Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), pretreatment process were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM).Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in a reflux completely mixed reactor with 500 mL capacity. The reaction temperature, stirring time and chemicals concentration are three chosen parameters for achieving to optimum solubility of rice straw. The experimental data were evaluated statistically by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The maximum solubility of 82.40% was obtained in 200°C, 180 min and 0.6 g NaOH /g waste. The efficiency of NaOH in rice straw solubilization process is around 35% higher than KOH and around 77% higher than H2SO4. As a main result, NaOH pretreatment appears to be the most effective method in hydrolysis of rice straw compared with KOH and H2SO4 reagents. Also, the RSM is a reliable tool to the optimization of rice straw solubility process.
Keywords
alkali and acid solubilization, Response Surface Methodology, rice straw, thermochemical pretreatment
The solubility of rice straw in alkali, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), and acid, Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), pretreatment process were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM).Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in a reflux completely mixed reactor with 500 mL capacity. The reaction temperature, stirring time and chemicals concentration are three chosen parameters for achieving to optimum solubility of rice straw. The experimental data were evaluated statistically by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The maximum solubility of 82.40% was obtained in 200°C, 180 min and 0.6 g NaOH /g waste. The efficiency of NaOH in rice straw solubilization process is around 35% higher than KOH and around 77% higher than H2SO4. As a main result, NaOH pretreatment appears to be the most effective method in hydrolysis of rice straw compared with KOH and H2SO4 reagents. Also, the RSM is a reliable tool to the optimization of rice straw solubility process.
Keywords
alkali and acid solubilization, Response Surface Methodology, rice straw, thermochemical pretreatment
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